Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, imigaqo yenzululwazi kunye neteknoloji yanamhlanje yayisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukulawula inkqubo yokukhula kwekristale, kwaye ukukhula kwekristale kwaqala ukuvela kubugcisa ukuya kwisayensi.Ngokukodwa ukususela kwiminyaka ye-1950, ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ze-semiconductor ezimele i-silicon eyodwa ye-crystal ikhuthaze ukuphuhliswa kwe-crystal i-theory kunye ne-teknoloji.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuphuhliswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo ze-semiconductors kunye nezinye izinto ze-elektroniki, izixhobo ze-optoelectronic, izinto ezibonakalayo ezingenayo i-nonlinear, izinto ze-superconducting, izinto ze-ferroelectric, kunye ne-metal enye ye-crystal imathiriyeli ikhokelele kuthotho lweengxaki zethiyori.Kwaye iimfuno ezinzima ngakumbi nangakumbi zibekwe phambili kwitekhnoloji yokukhula kwekristale.Uphando malunga nomgaqo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokukhula kwekristale luye lwaba lubaluleke kakhulu kwaye luye lwaba lisebe elibalulekileyo lesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe bale mihla.
Okwangoku, ukukhula kwekristale kuye kwaqulunqa uthotho lweethiyori zesayensi, ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula inkqubo yokukhula kwekristale.Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo yethiyori ayikafezeki, kwaye kusekho umxholo omninzi oxhomekeke kumava.Ke ngoko, ukukhula kwekristale eyenziweyo ngokuqhelekileyo kuthathwa njengokudityaniswa kobugcisa kunye nesayensi.
Ukulungiswa kweekristale ezipheleleyo kufuna ezi meko zilandelayo:
1.Ubushushu benkqubo yokusabela kufuneka ilawulwe ngokufanayo.Ukuze kuthintelwe ukugqithiswa kwendawo okanye ukufudumala kwendawo, kuya kuchaphazela i-nucleation kunye nokukhula kweekristale.
2. Inkqubo yecrystallization kufuneka icothe kangangoko ukuthintela i-nucleation ezenzekelayo.Ngenxa yokuba xa i-nucleation ezenzekelayo isenzeka, amaqhekeza amaninzi amahle aya kwenziwa kwaye athintele ukukhula kwekristale.
3. Tshatisa izinga lokupholisa kunye ne-crystal nucleation kunye nesantya sokukhula.Iikristale zikhuliswa ngokufanayo, akukho xinzelelo lwe-concentration gradient kwiikristale, kwaye ukubunjwa akusuki kumlinganiselo weekhemikhali.
Iindlela zokukhula kweCrystal zinokuhlelwa ngokweendidi ezine ngokohlobo lwesigaba sabazali babo, oko kukuthi ukukhula kwenyibilika, ukukhula kwesisombululo, ukukhula kwesigaba somphunga kunye nokukhula kwesigaba esiqinileyo.Ezi ntlobo zine zeendlela zokukhula kwekristale ziye zavela kwiindlela ezininzi zokukhula kwekristale kunye notshintsho kwiimeko zolawulo.
Ngokubanzi, ukuba yonke inkqubo yokukhula kwekristale ibolile, kufuneka ubuncinane ibandakanye ezi nkqubo zilandelayo ezisisiseko: ukuchithwa kwe-solute, ukubunjwa kweyunithi yokukhula kwekristale, ukuthuthwa kweyunithi yokukhula kwekristale kwindawo yokukhula, ukukhula kwekristale Ukuhamba kunye nokudibanisa into kumphezulu wekristale kunye nokutshintsha kojongano lokukhula kwekristale, ukuze kuqondwe ukukhula kwekristale.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-07-2022